A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems

• Index
• Tables
• Figures
• Appendices

Contents

• Preface
• Introduction
• Dunes, beaches and the sea
• Long-term evolution of dunes
  • Sources of sand for dunes
  • Losses of sand from dunes
  • Consequences for dune evolution
• Short-term dune evolution processes
  • Accretion of dunes
  • Dune erosion
• Attributes of coastal dunes
• Classification of Scottish dunes
• The legal framework
• Coast Protection Legislation in Scotland
  • Introduction
  • Summary of Legislation
• Nature Conservation Issues and Legislation
• Strategic approach to dune management
• Processes
• Risks
• Funding
• Consultation
• Coastal Cells and Shoreline Management Plans
• Management options
• Possible approaches
• Engineering considerations
  • Materials
  • Transport and placement
  • Costs
  • Environmental impacts
  • Work windows
  • Maintenance
• Recommended approaches
• References and Bibliography
• Scottish regional information
• Further guidance for dune management
• Coastal processes and shoreline management
• Glossary
• Abbreviations
• Appendix 1 Erosion management options
• Adaptive management
• Dune grass planting
• Dune thatching
• Dune fencing
• Beach recycling and reprofiling
• Sandbag structures
• Beach nourishment
• Gabion revetments
• Artificial headlands
• Artificial reefs
• Nearshore breakwater
• Groynes
• Beach drainage
• Rock revetments
• Timber revetments
• Impermeable revetments and seawalls
• Novel coast protection methods
• Appendix 2 Monitoring erosion and change in dune systems by simple and specialist techniques
  • Introduction
  • Aims and objectives for monitoring
  • Priorities for measurement
  • Frequency, timing and location of measurements
  • Monitoring techniques – low cost approaches
  • Monitoring techniques – aerial photography
  • Measurements of the physical environment
  • Data Storage and Analysis
  • Data Sheets for Download
• Credits

6.2 Further guidance for dune management

• Adriani, M J & Terwindt, J H J (1974). Sand stabilization and dune building. Rijkswaterstaat Commun., no. 19, The Hague.
• ASH (1994). Coastal erosion and tourism in Scotland: A review of protection measures to combat coastal erosion related to tourist activities and facilities. SNH Review No 12. Scottish Natural Heritage, Perth.
• Boorman, L A (1977). Sand dunes. In Barnes, R S K (ed). The Coastline. John Wiley and Sons.
• British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (1986). Fencing. Practical Conservation Handbook. London.
• British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (1979) Coastlands. A practical conservation handbook. London.
• British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (1996). Dunes. A practical handbook. London.
• Carter, R W G (1980). Vegetation stabilization and slope failure of eroding sand dunes. Biol. Conserv., 18, 117-122.
• CERC (1981). Low Cost Shore Protection (Final Report on the Shoreline Erosion Control Demonstration Program). Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.
• D’Angremond, K, van den Berg, E J F & de Jager, J H (1992). Use and behaviour of gabions in coastal protection. Coastal Engineering, ASCE, 1748-1757.
• Delft Hydraulics (1987). Manual on artificial beach nourishment. Delft Hydraulics Report 130. Rijkswaterstaat.
• Doody, J P (1989). Management for nature conservation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 96B, 247-265pp.
• East Lothian County Council (1970). Dune conservation. A twenty year record of work in East Lothian. East Lothian County Council, Council Planning Dept. Haddington.
• ECOPRO (1996). Environmentally friendly coastal protection: Code of practice. Stationery Office, Dublin.
• Janssen, M P (1995). Coastal Management: Restoration of Natural Processes in Foredunes. In: Healy M G and Doody J P (eds), Directions in European Coastal Management, Samara Publishing Ltd, pp. 195-197.
• McConnell, K (1998). Revetment systems against wave attack – A design manual. Thomas Telford, London.
• Mather, A S & Ritchie, W (1977). The beaches of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Countryside Commission for Scotland. Perth.
• Motyka, J M & Brampton, A H (1994). Effectiveness of beach control operations. HR Wallingford Report SR 402.
• Motyka, J M & Welsby, J (1983). A review of novel shore protection methods. Volume 1 – use of scrap types. Hydraulics Research Limited Report No IT 249.
• Motyka, J M & Welsby, J (1984). A review of novel shore protection methods. Volume 2 – sand and mortar filled fabric bags. Hydraulics Research Limited Report No IT 253.
• Motyka, J M & Welsby, J (1986). A review of novel shore protection methods. Inspection of sea defences in Holland and Belgium, 17 to 21 September 1984. Hydraulics Research Limited Report No SR 6.
• Phillips, C J (1975). Review of selected literature on sand stabilisation. Dept. of Engineering, University of Aberdeen (unpub.).
• Phillips, C J & Willetts, B B (1978). A review of selected literature on sand stabilization. Coast. Eng., 2, 133-148.
• Posford Duvivier Environment (1996). The role of dune management in coastal defence: an environmental, technical and economic evaluation. Unpub. report to CCW. 2 volumes. 161pp. (+ Appendices)
• Ranwell, D S (ed) (1974). Sand Dune Machair. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Natural Environment Research Council. Report of a seminar at the Coastal Ecology Research Station, Norwich.
• Ranwell, D S & Boar, R (1986). Coast dune management guide. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. NERC.
• Ritchie, W (1972). The evolution of coastal sand dunes. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 88, 91-105.
• Ritchie, W (1975). Environmental Problems Associated with a Pipeline Landfall in Coastal Dunes at Cruden Bay, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Coastal Engineering, 3, 2568-79.
• Ritchie, W (1978). The economic viability of some coastal dunes. Shore and Beach, 46, 21-24.
• Ritchie, W (1981). Environmental aspects of oil and gas pipeline landfalls in north east Scotland. Proc. 17th int. Coastal Engineering Conf., Sydney, Australia, 1980, 2938-2954. NewYork: American Society of Engineers.
• Ritchie, W & Mather, AS (1984). The beaches of Scotland. Countryside Commission for Scotland, Battleby, Perth. 130pp.
• Robertson-Rintoul, M & Ritchie, W (1990). The Geomorphology of coastal sand dunes in Scotland. A review. Catena Supplement 18, 41-49.
• Savage, R P & Woodhouse, W W (1968). Creation and stabilisation of coastal barrier dunes. Proc. 11th int. Coastal Engineering Conf., London, 1968, 671-700. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
• Salmon, J, Henninghsen, D & McAlpin, T (1982). Dune restoration and revegetation manual. Gainseville, Florida, USA.
• Welsby, J & Motyka, J M (1985). A review of novel shore protection methods. Volume 3 – gabions. Hydraulics Research Limited Report No SR 5.
• Welsby, J & Motyka, J M (1986). A review of novel shore protection methods. Volume 4 – revetments. Hydraulics Research Limited Report No SR 12.
• Welsby, J & Motyka, J M (1986). A review of novel shore protection methods. Volume 5 - offshore breakwaters and sills. Hydraulics Research Limited Report No SR 34.
• Wilcock, F A & Carter, R W G (1977). An environmental approach to the restoration of badly eroded sand dunes. Biol. Conserv., 11, 279-291.

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