Table 5.2

Table 5.2 Relative costs, life expectancy and potential environmental impacts associated with shoreline management options

(* = low, ***** = high)

	Impacts ⁽¹⁾				Costs
Option	Habitat	Landform	Landscape	Processes	Capital	Maintenance⁽²⁾	Life Expectancy⁽³⁾
Adaptive management	**	**	**	*	Dependant on assets	*	*****
Grass planting	*	*	*	*	*	***	*
Thatching	*	*	*	*	*	***	*
Fencing	*	*	**	*	*	***	*
Beach recycling	**	*	*	*	**	***	*
Sandbag structures	**	**	**	**	**	*	**
Beach drainage	*	*	*	**	***	**	*
Beach nourishment	**	*	*	*	***	***	**
Gabion revetments ⁽⁴⁾	***	***	***	***	***	**	***
Artificial headlands	**	**	***	***	***	*	***
Artificial reefs	**	**	***	***	***	*	***
Nearshore breakwaters	***	**	****	***	***	*	***
Groynes	***	***	***	***	***	*	***
Rock revetments ⁽⁴⁾	****	****	*****	****	****	*	*****
Timber revetments ⁽⁴⁾	***	***	****	***	****	*	***
Impermeable revetments/seawalls	****	*****	*****	****	*****	*	****

Impacts over full life-cycle of option
Maintenance cost relative to capital cost (to retain design benefits)
Life expectancy of benefits without maintenance
If buried into the dune face the impacts associated with these approaches are lowered and the life expectancy increased; capital costs may be higher but maintenance costs lower.